棉子粕是反芻動物的優良蛋白質飼料原料,豬用量過多會中毒

蘇少儀

進口爆量 農委會︰棉籽粕沒外流
作者： 湯雅雯╱台北報導 | 中時電子報 – 2013年10月27日 上午5:30.
中國時報【湯雅雯╱台北報導】
國內醫師質疑棉籽油渣餅流向。農委會清查近3年進口棉籽粕數量顯示，從去年至今年8月底，就進口9109公噸。農委會解釋，這些進口棉籽粕9成進了畜禽飼料、1成作為菇類太空包介質，昨已派員至3家進口廠商勾稽原料流向，初步清查未外流。
俗稱的棉籽油渣餅就是棉籽粕，也就是棉籽提煉出油後，所剩下的油渣。農委會畜牧處副處長朱慶誠表示，棉籽粕通常已榨不出油，多做為飼料添加物，因為裡頭含有蛋白質成分高，可替代黃豆粉、大豆粕合法使用。
不過數字會說話，根據農委會調出數據顯示，民國100年僅從中國大陸進口150公斤的棉籽粕，是科技公司作為實驗室發酵培養基用；但到101年，進口量一下子暴增至5500公噸。農委會解釋，因為近年原物料如飼料玉米、黃豆翻倍漲，棉籽粕便宜一半，飼料廠才會進口棉籽粕替代。
朱慶誠指出，廠商進口棉籽粕都要附檢驗報告，依照農委會規定，棉籽粕當中的游離棉酚含量，最高不得超過0.04％；但農委會也坦言，目前僅看業者附的檢驗報告，因為作為飼料用途，所以並無實際抽檢。
台大動物科學技術學系教授徐濟泰證實，「棉籽粕原則上含有棉酚」。國內毒物科醫師擔心棉酚殘留畜禽體內，人吃了以後，難保棉酚不會進入人體。不過徐濟泰指出，雖然棉籽粕含有棉酚，但含量非常低，且不會進入人體食物鏈，民眾不用過度恐慌。
徐濟泰指出，根據美國棉仔協會資料顯示，1公斤棉仔粕僅含6毫克游離棉酚，含量極低，且棉酚會和離胺酸結合，「過量對動物也是傷害」；除非不得已情況，飼主不會故意添加棉籽粕，因為用多會造成畜禽營養不良，甚至影響生殖、不孕兩敗俱傷。
農委會清查結果昨晚出爐，初步清查7734公噸棉籽粕，均由澳洲進口，且合法添加於家禽飼料中；另1374公噸棉仔殼，則做為菇類太空包介質，也無植物吸收棉酚疑慮。
農委會表示，由於目前已確定棉籽粕流向大致無外流，周一起農委會將會同地方政府、畜試所、動科所專家，就廠商所提供資料到場「驗證」，查證業者是否謊報，確保棉籽粕無外流到飼料以外的食品中。

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農委會清查結果昨晚出爐，初步清查7734公噸棉籽粕，均由澳洲進口，且合法添加於家禽飼料中

希望是真的只用於家禽飼料中

蘇少儀

Potential for Gossypol Toxicity When Feeding Whole Cottonseed

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Matt Poore
Glenn M. Rogers, DVM

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Because production of cotton in North Carolina has increased, use of cottonseed by beef cattle producers has also increased rapidly. Many other producers are considering using it, but concern about the toxin gossypol is keeping some producers from feeding it. Gossypol is a natural toxin present in the cotton plant that protects it from insect damage. "Glandless" varieties of cotton have been developed which have very low levels of gossypol. Unfortunately, these varieties need high levels of insecticides to yield well. Most varieties grown in North Carolina, and throughout the US, will contain substantial levels of gossypol. Recent analysis of gossypol levels in North Carolina indicate level of 0.8% of whole seed, slightly higher than the national average.
Non-ruminant animals such as poultry and swine can't handle much gossypol before toxicity signs develop. This is why cottonseed meal can't be used at high levels in rations for those animals. Cattle have the ability to detoxify gossypol because the microorganisms in the rumen bind it so it can't be absorbed. This ability can be overcome at very high levels of cottonseed feeding, but cattle will not normally be affected at recommended feeding levels.

Toxicity causes primarily heart damage, and deaths due to heart failure have been reported. Most cases, however, have usually been when cattle have been allowed to consume a lot of seed over a long period of time. Dairymen feeding a large group of cows ammoniated cottonseed along with other separate ingredients in the 1980's lost cows because some cows preferred the seed over the other ingredients and ate 10-15 lbs/day rather than the average of 7 lbs. This problem has largely been solved by using the cottonseed in total mixed rations rather than feeding it separately.

Toxicity has also been reported in young calves fed several pounds of cottonseed per day. It is not recommended that calves be fed cottonseed before they have a well developed rumen. These problems have been seen primarily in early weaned calves. Young calves will not eat enough cottonseed to present a problem when lactating cows are supplemented with the recommended level.

In normal feeding situations, the amount of cottonseed that can be fed is about 0.5% of body weight for mature cows and .33% of body weight for weaned calves. This would be about 5 lbs/day for a mature cow and 1.5 lbs/day for a weaned calf. The amount used is limited both because of the gossypol and the fat content of the cottonseed. If this level is exceeded cattle may scour because of the high level of fat. Gossypol toxicity problems have not been reported in any of the studies with cattle carefully fed the recommended levels.

Care should be made to insure that the individual cattle don't exceed the recommended level of intake. If it looks like some of the cows don't like the seed, cut the level back accordingly. If the cow herd has never been fed seed before, all may not go on it at first, so start with a low amount mixed with some grain or dried molasses for a week or so before pushing cows to the maximum level of cottonseed alone. This will ensure that the cows that figure out what to do with the seed first don't over eat. Make sure the seed is spread out enough so all the cows can have access to it. It can be fed off sod or poured out on top of hay, or fed in a feed bunk, as long as it is spread out enough so that all cows can eat at the same time.

Gossypol can cause a temporary reduction in sperm cell formation in bulls when fed above the recommended level. Some research has indicated fertility problems, but some experiments have not been able to show any problems. Because of the importance of bull fertility to profitable beef production, and the small potential savings realized from feeding cottonseed to bulls, we recommend that breeding bulls not be fed cottonseed before the start of the breeding season. A fertility problem would take several months to develop, so feeding cottonseed to the cow herd during the breeding season should not be any problem. Again, observe the bull to make sure that he is not eating a large amount of seed.

All things considered, whole cottonseed makes an excellent supplemental feed for beef cattle. If fed properly such that no animals consume an excessive amount it should not cause any problems. If, on the other hand, it is fed in a careless manner it could cause trouble. The old adage "there is no free lunch" certainly applies to whole cottonseed. Producers can save money on their winter feed bill by using cottonseed, but the level of management will be slightly higher than traditional supplements.